Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical stability. Accurately locating these voids is crucial for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, off

Geotechnical exploration methods are essential for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly influence the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and landforms. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. These include test pits, geophysical techniques such

Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can probe beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording of